An American Indian Revolution: The American Indian Movement and the Occupation of Wounded Knee, SD, 1973

The intent of this thesis is to develop a picture of the culminating event of the American Indian Movement's (AIM) occupation of Wounded Knee, in 1973. There are also a few questions that can hopefully be answered utilizing the data presented in both primary and secondary sources. How did the Wounded Knee action contribute to the demise of AIM? Also, how did the media impact the Wounded Knee Occupation? This incident had many effects on the image of American Indians that were both positive and negative. Examining the U.S. government standpoint and the American Indian position develops a structure that can compare and contrast the two points of view in order to increase an understanding of this conflict. There were many parties involved on both sides of the barricades that played a role in the interactions and the outcomes of the event. The United States government had many agencies involved, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Marshals, and the Justice Department. The American Indians also had several groups and organizations involved; the larger two groups were the American Indian Movement and the Oglala Sioux who lived on the Pine Ridge Reservation. American Indians also had groups in opposition of the occupation, in particular the supporters of the tribal government under the tribal chairmanship of Richard"Dick" Wilson. Understanding the focus of all parties involved will give the greatest depiction of the attitudes and mindsets of the individuals, and the event in its entirety.Master'sCollege of Arts and Sciences: Liberal StudiesUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117757/1/Timmerman.pd

Energy transfer processes in Er-doped SiO2 sensitized with Si nanocrystals

We present a high-resolution photoluminescence study of Er-doped SiO2 sensitized with Si nanocrystals (Si NCs). Emission bands originating from recombination of excitons confined in Si NCs and of internal transitions within the 4f-electron core of Er3+ ions, and a band centered at lambda = 1200nm have been identified. Their kinetics have been investigated in detail. Based on these measurements, we present a comprehensive model for energy transfer mechanisms responsible for light generation in this system. A unique picture of energy flow between subsystems of Er3+ and Si NCs is developed, yielding truly microscopic information on the sensitization effect and its limitations. In particular, we show that most of the Er3+ ions available in the system are participating in the energy exchange. The long standing problem of apparent loss of optical activity of majority of Er dopants upon sensitization with Si NCs is clarified and assigned to appearance of a very efficient energy exchange mechanism between Si NCs and Er3+ ions. Application potential of SiO2:Er sensitized by Si NCs is discussed in view of the newly acquired microscopic insight.Comment: 30 pages 13 figure

The Fixed-Cycle Traffic-Light queue with multiple lanes and temporary blockages

Traffic-light modelling is a complex task, because many factors have to be taken into account. In particular, capturing all traffic flows in one model can significantly complicate the model. Therefore, several realistic features are typically omitted from most models. We introduce a mechanism to include pedestrians and focus on situations where they may block vehicles that get a green light simultaneously. More specifically, we consider a generalization of the Fixed-Cycle Traffic-Light (FCTL) queue. Our framework allows us to model situations where (part of the) vehicles are blocked, e.g. by pedestrians that block turning traffic and where several vehicles might depart simultaneously, e.g. in case of multiple lanes receiving a green light simultaneously. We rely on probability generating function and complex analysis techniques which are also used to study the regular FCTL queue. We study the effect of several parameters on performance measures such as the mean delay and queue-length distribution

Chemokines: structure, receptors and functions. A new target for inflammation and asthma therapy?

Five to 10% of the human population have a disorder of the respiratory tract called ‘asthma’. It has been known as a potentially dangerous disease for over 2000 years, as it was already described by Hippocrates and recognized as a disease entity by Egyptian and Hebrew physicians. At the beginning of this decade, there has been a fundamental change in asthma management. The emphasis has shifted from symptom relief with bronchodilator therapies (e.g. β2-agonists) to a much earlier introduction of anti-inflammatory treatment (e.g. corticosteroids). Asthma is now recognized to be a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, involving various inflammatory cells and their mediators. Although asthma has been the subject of many investigations, the exact role of the different inflammatory cells has not been elucidated completely. Many suggestions have been made and several cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, such as the eosinophils, the mast cells, the basophils and the lymphocytes. To date, however, the relative importance of these cells is not completely understood. The cell type predominantly found in the asthmatic lung is the eosinophil and the recruitment of these eosinophils can be seen as a characteristic of asthma. In recent years much attention is given to the role of the newly identified chemokines in asthma pathology. Chemokines are structurally and functionally related 8–10 kDa peptides that are the products of distinct genes clustered on human chromosomes 4 and 17 and can be found at sites of inflammation. They form a superfamily of proinflammatory mediators that promote the recruitment of various kinds of leukocytes and lymphocytes. The chemokine superfamily can be divided into three subgroups based on overall sequence homology. Although the chemokines have highly conserved amino acid sequences, each of the chemokines binds to and induces the chemotaxis of particular classes of white blood cells. Certain chemokines stimulate the recruitment of multiple cell types including monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and eosinophils, which are important cells in asthma. Intervention in this process, by the development of chemokine antagonists, might be the key to new therapy. In this review we present an overview of recent developments in the field of chemokines and their role in inflammations as reported in literature

Wetten en regels, je hoeft niet alles te weten, als je het maar weet te vinden

Verschillende wetten en regels zijn van toepassing op productie en verkoop van bijenproducten als honing, was, stuifmeel, propolis, koninginnengelei, bijengif, larven en bewerkingen ervan. Alle levensmiddelen moeten voldoen aan de Warenwet en EU-verordeningen. Voor bijvoorbeeld honing is er een apart Warenwetbesluit Honing. Verder zijn er richtlijnen, adviezen en convenanten op Nederlands, Europees en soms wereldwijd niveau